– Он обесточен. – Вы оба настолько заврались, что в это даже трудно поверить.  – Хейл сильнее сжал горло Сьюзан.  – Если лифт обесточен, я отключу «ТРАНСТЕКСТ» и восстановлю подачу тока в лифт.

 
 

 

Engineering Drawing Text Book by ND Bhatt [pdf] – Latest Edition – Exam Updates – Recent Posts

 

What are specific applications of engineering drawing for your discipline? Classify engineering drawing and give example of each branch. Classify civil engineering drawing. What is difference between plan, elevation and section? Name some common drawing instruments and their uses. What is the standard size of a drawing board? What is the difference between white drawing paper and tracing paper? How pencils are classified?

On what considerations you will choose pencil for a drawing? How paper quality affects choice of pencil? Which angles can be drawn directly with set-squares? There are certain conventional lines recommended by drawing codes. Usually two types of widths are used for the lines; they are thick and thin.

Thick lines are in between 0. However, the exact thickness may vary according to the size and type of drawing. If the size of drawing is larger, the width of the line becomes higher. There should also be a distinct contrast in the thickness of different kinds of lines, particularly between the thick lines and thin lines.

Visible, cutting plane and short break lines are thick lines, on the other hand hidden, center, extension, dimension, leader, section, phantom and long break lines are thin. Table 2. They should end on both sides by touching the visible lines and should touch themselves at intersection if any. Some geometric symbols are commonly used in almost every types of drawing while there are some special symbols used in specific types civil, mechanical, electrical etc.

Make a table showing the conventional lines most commonly used in engineering drawing mentioning their specific applications. Why have you studied lines and symbols? Why there is no specified proportion for dimension and extension line? What is difference between applicability of a section line and a break line? Which conventional lined are to be drawn with 2H pencils? Which conventional lined are to be drawn with HB pencils? Draw some electrical symbol for household weiring.

The plainest and most legible style is the gothic from which our single-stroke engineering letters are derived. The term roman refers to any letter having wide down ward strokes and thin connecting strokes.

Roman letters include old romans and modern roman, and may be vertical or inclined. Inclined letters are also referred to as italic, regardless of the letter style; text letters are often referred to as old English. Letters having very thin stems are called Light Face Letters, while those having heavy stems are called Bold Face Letters.

In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are needed to keep the letters uniformly vertical or inclined. Guidelines are absolutely essential for good lettering and should be regarded as a welcome aid, not as an unnecessary requirement.

Make guidelines light, so that they can be erased after the lettering has been completed. Use a relatively hard pencil such as a 4H to 6H, with a long, sharp, conical point. The vertical guidelines are not used to space the letters as this should always be done by eye while lettering , but only to keep the letters uniformly vertical, and they should accordingly be drawn at random.

A guideline for inclined capital letters is somewhat different. The spacing of horizontal guidelines is the same as for vertical capital lettering.

The American Standard recommends slope of approximately Strokes of letters that extend up to the cap line are called ascenders, and those that extend down to the drop line, descenders. Since there are only five letters p, q.

But the width of the stroke is the width of the stem of the letter. In the following description an alphabet of slightly extended vertical capitals has-been arranged in-group. Study the slope of each letter with the order and direction of the storks forming it. The proportion of height and width of various letters must be known carefully to letter them perfectly.

The top of T is drawn first to the full width of the square and the stem is started accurately at its midpoint. The first two strokes of the E are the same for the L, the third or the upper stoke is lightly shorter than the lower and the last stroke is the third as long as the lower. The second stroke of K strikes stem one third up from the bottom and the third stroke branches from it.

A large size C and G can be made more accurately with an extra stroke at the top. U is formed by two parallel strokes to which the bottom stroke be added. J has the same construction as U, with the first stroke omitted. The middle line of P and R are on centerline of the vertical line. The background area between letters, not the distance between them, should be approximately equal.

Some combinations, such as LT and VA, may even have to be slightly overlapped to secure good spacing. In some cases the width of a letter may be decreased. For example, the lower stroke of the L may be shortened when followed by A. Words are spaced well apart, but letters with in words should be spaced closely. Make each word a compact unit well separated from the adjacent words. For either upper case or lower-case lettering, make the spaces between words approximately equal to a capital O.

Avoid spacing letters too far apart and words too close together. Most of the lettering is done in single stroke either in vertical or in inclined manner. Only one style of lettering should be used throughout the drawing. Lettering can be done either in free hand or using templates. Standard height of letters and numbers are 2. Review Questions: 1. Why have you studied lettering? What is the difference between Gothic and Roman letters?

Which style of lettering is most commonly used in engineering drawing and why? What do you mean by guidelines? Why is it used? What are the ISO rules for lettering? How do you maintain the spaces between letters, words and lines?

Which letters have equal height and width? What are the standard heights of letters in engineering drawing? These methods are illustrated in this chapter, and are basically simple principles of pure geometry.

These simple principles are used to actually develop a drawing with complete accuracy, and in the fastest time possible, without wasted motion or any guesswork. Applying these geometric construction principles give drawings a finished, professional appearance.

Strict interpretation of geometric construction allows use of only the compass and an instrument for drawing straight lines but in technical drawing, the principles of geometry are employed constantly, but instruments are not limited to the basic two as T-squares, triangles, scales, curves etc.

Since there is continual application of geometric principles, the methods given in this chapter should be mastered thoroughly. It is assumed that students using this book understand the elements of plane geometry and will be able to apply their knowledge. It is actually represented on the drawing by a crisscross at its exact location. Lines may be straight lines or curved lines.

A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. There are three major kinds of angles: right angels, acute angles and obtuse angles. The various kinds of triangles: a right triangle, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and an obtuse angled triangle. When opposite sides are parallel, the quadrilateral is also considered to be a parallelogram.

The most important of these polygons as they relate to drafting are probably the triangle with three sides, square with four sides, the hexagon with six sides, and the octagon with eight sides. Some helpful relations to be remembered for regular polygons are: 1. The major components of a circle are the diameter, the radius and circumference.

The surfaces are called faces, and if these are equal regular polygons, the solids are regular polyhedral. Thus, the remaining of this chapter is devoted to illustrate step-by-step geometric construction procedures used by drafters and technicians to develop various geometric forms. First of all we have to be well-expertise in using set squares particularly for drawing parallel and perpendicular lines. In the given process, a line will also be constructed at the exact center point at exactly Where this line intersects line A-B, it bisects line A-B.

Line D-E is also perpendicular to line A-B at the exact center point. This new line is longer than the given line and makes an angle preferably of not more than with it.

The original line AB will now be accurately divided. D C Fig. Draw a straight line from A to D. Point X is the exact center of the arc or circle. If all work is done correctly, the arc or circle should pass through each point.

In this example, place the compass point at point A of the original shape and extend the lead to point B. Swing a light arc at the new desired location. Letter the center point as A’ and add letter B’ at any convenient location on the arc. It is a good habit to lightly letter each point as you proceed. Place the compass point at letter B of the original shape and extend the compass lead to letter C of the original shape.

Transfer this distance, B-C, to the layout. Going back to the original object, place the compass point at letter A and extend the compass lead to letter C.

Transfer the distance A-C as illustrated in Figure. Locate and letter each point. This completes the transfer of the object. Recheck all work and, if correct, darken lines to the correct line weight.

Use the longest line or any convenient line as a starting point. Line A-B is chosen here as the example. Lightly divide the shape into triangle divisions, using the baseline if possible. Transfer each triangle in the manner described in previous procedure. Check all work and, if correct, darken in lines to correct line thickness.

Letter a diameter as HB. Now set off distances DE around the circumference of the circle, and draw the sides through these points. Diagonals will intersect the circle at 4 points.

These tangents will meet the sides of square drawn in step 3. Now darken the obtained octagon. Given: Number of sides and the diameter of circle that will circumscribe the polygon. Mark a diameter. As example let us draw a 7 sided polygon. Mark the diameter as Taking as radius of compass, cut the circumference in 7 equal segments to obtain the corners of the seven sided polygon and connect the points.

Given: Length of one side and number of sides i. Thus the polygon will be drawn. Given: Number of sides and diameter of out scribing circle. Then AB is the length of one side. Now set off distances AB around the circumference of the circle, and draw the sides through these points. Given: Number of sides and diameter of inscribing circle. At each point of intersection draw a tangent to the circle. The tangents will meet each other at 1, 2, 3, 4…… etc. Then …..

Label the end points of the chord thus formed as A and B. Locate points C and D where these two lines pass through the circle. Where these lines cross is the exact center of the given circle. Place a compass point on the center point; adjust the lead to the edge of the circle and swing an arc to check that the center is accurate. This arc will touch the line AB and the given arc.

Center locations given Radius given Fig. It forms a gentle curve that reverses itself in a neat symmetrical geometric form. In this example, from point B to point C. Draw a perpendicular from line C-D at point C to intersect the perpendicular bisector of C-X which locates the second required swing center.

Place the compass point on the second swing point and swing an arc from X to C. This completes the ogee curve. Note: point X is the tangent point between arcs. Check and. If r1 , r2 and AB are given draw them accordingly. If value of r1 , r2 are given simply draw the arc EF taking radius as r2- r1 and center as B.

Then PQ will be the required tangent. Thus the ellipse will be completed. Divide a line of length 40mm into 7 equal parts. Draw a regular pentagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm.

Avoid use of protractor. Draw a regular pentagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular pentagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a regular hexagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm. Draw a regular hexagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular hexagon having length of side as 45mm.

Draw a regular octagon inscribing a circle of diameter 80mm. Draw a regular octagon out scribing a circle of diameter mm. Draw a regular octagon having length of side as 45mm. Draw a 9 sided regular polygon inscribing a circle of radius 50mm. A 80mm long horizontal straight line is located outside a circle of radius 30mm, such that a 50mm line drawn from center of the circle meets the mid-point of the straight line at right angle.

Draw two arc tangents, each having a radius of 40mm touching the circle and one of the ends of the straight line. Draw a common arc tangent of radius 70mm to the two circles having their centers 80mm apart and having diameters of 50mm and 30mm respectively. Draw an ogee curve to connect two parallel lines each of length 20mm and their mid-points spaced 30mm vertically and 70mm horizontally.

Two wheels with diameters 3. Draw the line diagram of the arrangement. Use a reduced scale. Draw an ellipse having major and minor axis length as 90mm and 60mm. Why have you studied geometric drawings? Name the geometric nomenclatures and draw a qualitative shape of them. Name and draw the different types of lines.

What do you mean by isosceles, equilateral and scalene triangle? What are different types of quadrilaterals? Draw them. What is the difference between parallelogram, trapezoid, rectangle, square and rhombus? What do you mean by regular polygon? How can you calculate summation of all internal angles of a polygon?

A circle has a diameter of cm. Draw a circle showing chord, diameter, radius, arc, segment and sector. Name some solid geometric form.

Draw a parallel or perpendicular line to a given line at any point using set-square. Transfer a given polygon to other specified point. Locate the center of a given circle. Draw a tangent to the two given circle. A complete set of dimensions will permit only one interpretation needed to construct the part. In some cases, engineering drawing becomes meaningless without dimensioning.

Maintaining scale only does not make a drawing sufficient for manufacturer. By direct measurement from drawing according to the scale is very laborious, time-consuming and such a part cannot be manufactured accurately.

But for overcrowded drawing they can be drawn at an oblique angle as well. Correct Wrong Fig. They are usually drawn freehand. It must not be either away from the line or cross the line. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio icon An illustration of an audio speaker.

Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Orthographic projection. Projections of points. Projection of straight lines. Projections of auxiliary planes. Projections of planes. Projections of Solids. Sections of solids. Development of surfaces. Intersection of surfaces. Isometric projection. Oblique projection. Perspective projections. Orthographic reading and conversion of views.

Symbol denoting the method of projection. Name of the firm, and 6. Initials of staff who have designed, checked and approved. The title block used on shop floor and one suggested for students class work are shown in Fig.

Filing Margin Two methods of folding of drawing sheets, one suitable for filing or binding and the other method for keeping in filing cabinets are specified by BIS. In both the methods offolding, the Title Block is always visible. Shows the method in which drawing sheets may be unfolded and refolded, without the necessity of removal from the file.

N ‘” N Fig. Each line has a defmite meaning and sense toconvey. Edges : Type These are extended by a short distance beyond the outline of the drawing.

It is long-dashed dotted narrow line, made wide at the ends, bends and change of direction. The direction of viewing is shown by means of arrows resting on the cutting plane line. Line description No. Applications and Representation Ol.

Lines of symmetry E line Choose line widths according to the size of the drawing from the following range: 0. BIS recommends two line widths on a drawing.

Ratio between the thin and thick lines on a drawing shall not be less than 1 : 2. Also, extend the Center Line beyond the outlines of the view. When a Center line coincides with a Cutting Plane, draw the Center Line and show the Cutting Plane line outside the outlines of the view at the ends of the Center Line by thick dashes.

This is done in the fonn of notes and dimensions. Main Features of Lettering are legibility, unifonnity and rapidity of execution. Use of drawing instruments for lettering consumes more time. Lettering should be done freehand with speed. Practice accompanied by continuous efforts would improve the lettering skill and style.

Poor lettering mars the appearance of an otherwise good drawing. It means that the thickness of the letter should be unifonn as if it is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Lettering Type B : i Vertical and ii Sloped at 75 0 to the horizontal Type B Preferred In Type A, height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts, while in Type B, height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts. Type B is preferred for easy and fast execution, because of the division of height into 10 equal parts.

Vertical Letters Preferred Vertical letters are preferred for easy and fast execution, instead of sloped letters. Lower-case small letters are used for abbreviations like mm, cm, etc.

Guide Lines In order to obtain correct and uniform height ofletters and numerals, guide lines are drawn, using 2H pencil with light pressure. HB grade conical end pencil is used for lettering. Thin horizontal guide lines are drawn first at a distance ‘ h’ apart. Lettering Technique: Horizontal lines of the letters are drawn from left to right. Vertical, inclined and curved lines are drawn from top to bottom. After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not erased. Drawing numbers, title block and letters denoting cutting planes, sections are written in 10 mrn size.

Drawing title is written in 7 mm size. Hatching, sub-titles, materials, dimensions, notes, etc. Space between letters should be approximately equal to h. Poor spacing will affect the visual effect. The spacing between two characters may be reduced by half if th is gives a better visual effect, as for example LA, TV; over lapped in case of say LT, TA etc, and the space is increased for letters with adjoining stems.

These are provided through the distances between the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finish, type of material, etc. The expression of these features on a drawing, using lines, symbols, figures and notes is called dimensioning. All dimensional information necessary to describe a component clearly and completely shall be written directly on a drawing. Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a drawing, i.

Dimension should be placed on the view where the shape is best seen Fig. As far as possible, dimensions should be expressed in one unit only preferably in millimeters, without showing the unit symbol mm. As far as possible dimensions should be placed outside the view Fig. Dimensions should be taken from visible outlines rather than from hidden lines Fig. No gap should be left between the feature and the start of the extension line Fig.

Crossing of centre lines should be done by a long dash and not a short dash Fig. Prejection and dimension lines should be drawn as thin continuous lines. Projection lines should be drawn perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned.

If the space for dimensioning is insufficient, the arrow heads may be reversed and the adjacent arrow heads may be replaced by a dot Fig. However, they may be drawn obliquely, but parallel to each other in special cases, such as on tapered feature Fig.

A leader line is a line referring to a feature object, outline, dimension. Leader line should tenninate, a with a dot, if they end within the outline ofan object Fig.

The origin indication is drawn as a small open circle of approximately 3 mm in diameter. The proportion lenght to depth 3 : 1 of arrow head is shown in Fig.

The arrow head termination may be either on the inside or outside of the feature outline, depending on the size of the feature. Method – 1 Aligned method Dimensions should be placed parallel to and above their dimension lines and preferably at the middle, and clear of the line. Dinensions on oblique dimension lines should be oriented as shown in Fig. Angular dimensions are oriented as shown in Fig. Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted, preferably in the middle for insertion of the dimension Fig.

Angular dimensions may be oriented as in Fig. The diameter and square symbols may be omitted where the shape is clearly indicated. The applicable indication symbol shall precede the value for dimension Fig. They are arranged in three ways. Chain dimensioning 2. Parallel dimensioning 3. Combined dimensioning. Chain dimensioning Chain of single dimensioning should be used only where the possible accumulation oftolerances does not endanger the fundamental requirement of the component Fig.

Parallel dimensioning In parallel dimensioning, a number of dimension lines parallel to one another and spaced out, are used. This method is used where a number of dimensions have a common datum feature Fig. The violations from 1 to 16 indicated in the figure are explained below. Dimension should follow the shape symbol. As far as possible, features should not be used as extension lines for dimensioning.

Extension line should touch the feature. Extension line should project beyond the dimension line. Writing the dimension is not as per aligned method.

Hidden lines should meet without a gap. Centre line representation is wrong. Dots should be replaced by small dashes. Horizontal dimension line should not be broken to insert the value ofdimension in both aligned and uni-direction methods.

Dimension should be placed above the dimension line. Radius symbol should precede the dimension. Centre line should cross with long dashes not short dashes. Dimension should be written by symbol followed by its values and not abbreviation. Note with dimensions should be written in capitals.

Elevation is not correct usage. If the actual linear dimensions of an object are shown in its drawing, the scale used is said to be a full size scale. Wherever possible, it is desirable to make drawings to full size. In such cases the object is represented in reduced size by making use of reducing scales. Reducing scales are used to represent objects such as large machine parts, buildings, town plans etc.

A reducing scale, say 1: 10 means that 10 units length on the object is represented by 1 unit length on the drawing. Similarly, for drawing small objects such as watch parts, instrument components etc. In those cases enlarging scales are used. An enlarging scale, say 1 means one unit length on the object is represented by 10 units on the drawing. The designation of a scale consists of the word.

SCALE, followed by the indication of its ratio as follows. Standard scales are shown in Fig. Note: For all drawings the scale has to be mentioned without fail. Drawing size of an object. Plain scales. Diagonal Scales. Vernier Scales. It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and bm, m and dm, cm and mm etc. Problem 1 : On a survey map the distance between two places 1km apart is 5 cm. Construct the scale to read 4.

Solution: Fig 3. To get 1 km divisions this length has to be divided into 4. Therefore, the nearest round figure 5 km is considered. When this length is divided into 5 equal parts each part will be 1 km. Draw a line of length 25 cm. Divide this into 5 equal parts. Now each part is 1 km. Divide the first part into 10 equal divisions. Each division is 0. Mark on the scale the required distance 4. Mark on it a distance of 5.

Construction Fig. Draw a rectangle strip oflength 12 cm and width 0. Divide the length into 6 equal parts, by geometrical method each part representing 1m. Mark O zero after the first division and continue 1,2,3 etc. Divide the first division into 10 equal parts secondary divisions , each representing 1 cm. Mark the above division points from right to left. Write the units at the bottom of the scale in their respective positions.

Indicate RF at the bottom of the figure. Mark the distance 5. Construct a scale to read km and indicate a distance of km on it. Solution: F ig 3. Draw a rectangular strip oflength mm and width 5 mm.

Repeat the steps 4 to 8 of construction in Fig 3. Mark the distance km as shown. Take the length of the scale as 10 cm 2. The construction is shown in Fig 3. Plain scales are used to read lengths in two units such as metres and decimetres, centimetres and millimetres etc. Diagonal scales are used to represent either three units of measurements such as metres, decimetres, centimetres or to read to the accuracy correct to two decimals.

Principle of Diagonal Scale Fig 3. Draw a line AB and errect a perperrdicular at B. Mark 10 equi-distant points 1,2,3, etc of any suitable length along this perpendicular and mark C. Complete the rectangle ABCD 4. Draw the diagonal BD. Draw horizontals through the division points to meet BD at l’ , 2′ , 3′ etc. Thus, CD is divided into the divisions by the diagonal BD, i. This principle is used in the construction of diagonal scales.

Note: B C must be divided into the same number of parts as there are units of the third dimension in one unit of the secondary division. Problem 5 : on a plan, a line of 22 em long represents a distance of metres. Draw a diagonal scale for the plan to read upto a single metre. Measure and mark a distance of m on the scale. As m are required consider m. The first part is sub-divided into 4 divisions so that each division is 10 cm 4.

On the diagonal portion 10 divisions are taken to get 1 m. Mark on it m as shown. Solution: Fig. Draw a length of 20 cm and divide it into 10 equal parts. Each part represents 1 km. Divide the first part into 10 equal subdivisions.

Each secondary division represents 1 hecometre 4. Mark on it 7. Mark a length 4. Draw a line A B, 10 cm long and divide it into 5 equal parts, each representing 1 m. Erect perpendiculars to the line A B, through 0, 1,2,3 etc. Draw the remaining diagonals, parallel to the fIrst.

Thus, each decimetre is divided into II 10th division by diagonals. Mark the length 4. The smallest division on the main scale and vernier scale are 1 msd or 1 vsd repectively. The vernier divisions are numbered in the same direction as those on the main scale. The vernier divisions are numbered in the opposite direction compared to those on the main scale. The least count LC is the smallest dimension correct to which a measurement can be made with a vernier.

The scale should be long enough to measure upto 6 km. Mark on the scale a length of 3. This is further divided into 10 divitions and each division is equal to 0. The RF of the scale in Mark on it a distance of 2. The smallest measurement in the scale is cm. Olm 2. Draw a line of20 em length. Complete the rectangle of20 em x 0. Sub divide all into 10 main scale divisions.

Mark 0,55, towards the left from 0 zero on the vernier scale as shown. Name the units of the divisions as shown. Construct a plain scale of to measure a distance of 7 meters. Mark a distance of 3. The length of a scale with a RF of is 20 cm. Construct this scale and mark a distance of Mark a distance of kilometres on the scale. On a map, the distance between two places 5 krn apart is 10 cm. Construct the scale to read 8 krn. What is the RF of the scale? Mark a distance of 4. Construct a diagonal scale of five times full size, to read accurately upto 0.

Construct a diagonal scale to read upto 0. Take the scale as 3: 1. Mark on it a distance of km. Draw a venier scale of metres when Imm represents 25cm and mark on it a length of What is the RF? The LC of a forward reading vernier scale is 1 cm.

Its vernier scale division represents 9 cm. There are 40 msd on the scale. It is drawn to scale. Construct the scale and mark on it a distance ofO. Construct a backward reading vernier scale of RF The scale should be capable of reading upto 12 decimeters. Mark on the scale 2. A few methods are illustrated here without mathematical proofs. To divide a straight line into a given number of equal parts say 5. Draw AC at any angle e to AB. Construct the required number of equal parts of convenient length on AC like 1,2,3.

Join the last point 5 to B 4. Through 4, 3, 2, 1 draw lines parallel to 5B to intersect AB at 4′,3′,2′ and 1′. To divide a line in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4. By following the previous example divide AC into 8 equal parts and obtain P and Q to divide the lineAB in the ratio To bisect a given angle.

Draw a line AB and AC making the given angle. With centre A and any convenient radius R draw an arc intersecting the sides at D and E. To inscribe a square in a given circle. With centre 0, draw a circle of diameter D. Through the centre 0, drwaw two diameters, say AC and BD at right angle to each other.

ABCD is the required square. To inscribe a regular polygon of any number of sides in a given circle. Draw the given circle with AD as diameter. Divide the diameter AD into N equal parts say 6. Join G-2 and extend to intesect the circle at B. Set the compass to the length AB and strating from B mark off on the circuference of the circles, obtaining the points C, D, etc.

The figure obtained by joing the points A,B, C etc. To inscribe a hexagon in a given circle. With centre 0 and radius R draw the given crcle. Draw any diameter AD to the circle. With centre 0 and radius R draw the given circle.

With centres A and D and radius equal to the radius of the circle draw arcs intesecting the circles at B, F, C and E respectively. To circumscribe a hexagon on a given circle of radius R construction Fig. To construct a hexagon, given the length of the side. Draw a line AB equal to the side of the hexagon. Through 0, the point of intesection between the lines A2 at D and B2 at E.

Draw a line AB equal to the of side of the hexagon. With centres A and B and radius AB, draw arcs intersecting at 0, the centre of the hexagon. Obtain points D, E and F in a sinilar manner. To construct a regular polygon say a pentagon given the length of the side. Draw a semicircle on AP and divide it into 5 equal parts by trial and error. Join B to second division 2. Irrespective of the number of sides of the polygon B is always joined to the second division.

Draw the perpendicular bisectors of AB and B2 to intersect at O. Draw a circle with 0 as centre and OB as radius. WithAB as radius intersect the circle successively at D and E. Thenjoin CD.

 
 

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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. Engineering Drawing is one of the basic courses to study for all engineering disciplines. The primary problem faced in learning and teaching of engineering drawing is the limited availability of text books that focus on the basic rules and specifications in relation to the drawing methods practiced in Bangladesh.

This handbook is prepared with the primary aim to elaborate necessary basic rules and regulations of engineering drawing that is necessary for students of every engineering discipline. This book is for beginners to introduce them with different elements of engineering drawing.

Several worked-out examples are provided along with every chapter and also every chapter includes some exercise and assignments to be practiced by the learners. The course Engineering Drawing is extremely important as it is the language of engineers, technicians, designers and sanitarians.

This handbook is devoted to provide general aspects of engineering drawing like lettering, geometric constructions, dimensioning, scaling, orthographic and isometric projections and sectioning. The handbook is prepared taking aid from a number of textbooks and articles mentioned in bibliography section.

Most of the figures are drawn using AutoCAD, a few of them are collected from Google image search and some are taken from the textbooks. For further reading, students are encouraged to refer books which are listed in the bibliography section. Zeeshan Sohail. Michael Mangoli. Emrah Demirezen. Bibin Chidambaranathan. Prashsant singh. Enida Teletovic. Parthi Babu. Muhammad Nasrullah. Arjun Singh. Akash Bhurle. Gul Kremer. Kenneth Orodoegbulem. Reshav Kumar. Zaheer Ibrahim. Miguel Zea. Bina Susanto Oloan Siregar.

Manikandan Trikaal. Piyush Gaur. Fei Nging Chang. Marie Claire. My Application. Prabir Datta. Santhosh V. David Koo. Gomez Plata. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Engineering Drawing for Beginners. Related Papers.

Machine parts Drawing. Construction Drawing Practices. Engineering Drawing Practice for Schools 81 Colleges. Lesson Plans 2. Operation Sheets. Engineering Graphic. Acknowledgement The author is delighted to express his thanks and gratitude to Prof. Author is also grateful to the present chairman Md.

Belal Hossain and his colleagues of the Department of Civil Engineering and of the Department of Agricultural and Industrial Engineering for inspiring him in completing this handbook.

And obviously it is the mercy of the Almighty Allah that the material has finally come into a complete form. A drawing can be prepared either using free hand or using engineering instruments or using computer program. Artistic Drawing 2. Engineering Drawing 1. Example: Painting, Posters, arts etc. It is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object. In other words, The art of representing a real or imaginary object precisely using some graphics, symbols, letters and numbers with the help of engineering drawing instruments is called engineering drawing.

The art of representing engineering objects such as buildings, roads, machines, circuits etc. It is used by engineers and technologists. An engineering drawing provides all information about size, shape, surface type, materials etc. Example: Building drawing for civil engineers, Machine drawing for mechanical engineers, Circuit diagrams for electrical and electronics engineers, computer graphics for one and all etc. Table 1. Can be understood by all.

Need some specific knowledge or training to understand. Scale maintaining is not necessary Scale maintaining is necessary No special requirement of engineering instruments.

Engineering drawing instruments is used to make the drawing precise. An artistic drawing may not be numerically specific An engineering drawing must be numerically and informative. Standard drawing code need not to be followed. In such cases well dimensioned and properly scaled graphics can make it easy to understand that for technical personnel.

Engineering drawing serves this purpose. Any product that is to be manufactured, fabricated, assembled, constructed, built, or subjected to any other types of conversion process must first be designed. To make the outcome from the design understandable to any third party engineering drawing is the best way. Some important uses of engineering drawing are mentioned below: 1.

It is used in ships for navigation. For manufacturing of machines, automobiles etc. For construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, electrical and telecommunication structures etc. For manufacturing of electric appliances like TV, phone, computers etc.

Geometrical Drawing a. Plane geometrical drawing b. Solid geometrical drawing 2. Mechanical Engineering Drawing 3. Civil Engineering Drawing 4. If the object has only 2 dimensions i. It is used by mechanical engineers to express mechanical engineering works and projects for actual execution. It is used by civil engineers to express civil engineering works and projects for actual execution.

It is used by electrical engineers to express electrical engineering works and projects for actual execution. The art of representing electronic circuits of TV, Phones, computers etc. It is used by electronic engineers to express electronic engineering works and projects for actual execution. To develop the ability to produce simple civil engineering drawing and sketches based on current practice.

To develop the skills to read and understand the drawings used in civil engineering projects. To develop a working knowledge of the layout of buildings, bridges, highways etc. To develop skills in abstracting information from calculation sheets and schematic diagrams to produce working drawings for masons, construction managers and field workers who execute civil engineering projects. Architectural Drawing a.

Plan: It shows the position of different objects and elements of the structure in a two dimensional view.